Grain Bin Safety

Photo from www.uky.edu/bae

Now that the majority of the County’s grain has been harvested, producers are moving into storage mode.  UK Extension Agricultural Engineer Dr. Sam McNeill suggest that producers check on grain at least every 2 weeks until grain is cooled.  Once winter hits, routine checks can be made every 2-4 weeks.  While checking on grain, producers should be monitoring temperature, moisture and insects.

Also, while monitoring stored grain, producers needs to keep grain bin safety their #1 priority.  The number of suffocations in grain storage systems has been increasing over the past several years.

There appear to be at least five basic reasons: 1. the increase in harvesting and handling of grains, 2. grain bins on the farm are getting bigger, 3. grain handling rates are faster, 4. more operators are working alone due to increased mechanization, and 5. most operators are not aware of how grain flows from bins and therefore do not understand the dangers involved.

Don’t make the mistake of your life. Be aware of the dangers of flowing grain.  To better comprehend the hazard, the way in which most farm storage bins unload must be understood. Grain storage structures should be, and usually are, unloaded from the center. When a valve is opened in the center of the bin or a bottom unloading auger is started, grain flows from the top surface down a center core to the unloading port or auger.

You must remember that flowing grain is like water in that it will exert pressure over the entire area of any object that is submerged in it. However, the amount of force required to pull someone up through grain is much greater than required in water because grain exerts no buoyant force and has much greater internal friction. People who have helped pull partially submerged children from grain have commented on how hard they had to pull and, frequently, that shoes were pulled off in the grain. This may mean that rescue efforts will fail unless the movement of grain is stopped.

Bridging grain may create air spaces in a partially unloaded bin. This situation presents several dangers. The first is that the person may break through the surface and be trapped instantly in the flowing grain. Another danger is that a large void may be created under the bridged grain by previous unloading so that a person who breaks through the crust may be buried under the grain and suffocate even though the unloading auger may not be in operation at the time. A third hazard is that, if the grain is wet enough to mold and bridge across a bin, there may be little oxygen present in the cavity because of microbial action. Therefore, a person falling into this void may be forced to breathe toxic gases and microbial spores even if the head stays above the level of the surrounding grain.

Safety hazards in grain bins are not limited to those with bottom unloading augers. Gravity unloaded bins may present a similar danger through bridging or unloading. A definite danger exists with wet holding bins that feed automatic-batch grain dryers.

Flowing grain hazards, in addition to mold and dust health hazards, exist when working with grain that has gone out of condition or has built up in a tall pile. A wall of grain may look perfectly safe but one scoopful could pry out the “foundation” and start an avalanche or “cave-off”.

Grain is heavy. For example, a 6' tall person, prone and covered by 1 foot of corn, will be under about 300 lbs. of corn. People who hear of suffocations like this are often surprised to learn that the victim was under only a shallow pile.

So how can producers reduce the risk of injury or death when working in and/or around grain bins?

Rule 1: A person entering a grain bin should be fastened to a safety rope or harness that is tied to a point outside the structure. Two additional people should be involved—a second person who can see the person inside the bin and a third on the ground who can (1) assist in lifting the inside person to safety, (2) quickly go for aid without the danger of falling off the bin in a panic to climb down, and (3) ensure that no one starts the unloading equipment. Don’t depend on being able to communicate from the inside to the outside of the bin. It is difficult to hear under any circumstances, especially when unloading equipment or drying fans are in operation. The use of prearranged arm and hand signals is suggested under these conditions.

Rule 2: Never enter a bin of flowing grain. If you drop a grain probe or shovel, first stop the flow of grain, take the precautions given in Rule 1, then retrieve the lost item. Remember, no piece of equipment is worth a human life.

Rule 3: Don’t enter a bin without knowing its previous unloading history. This is especially true if the surface appears crusty because that may mean that the grain has bridged. Always be cautious before walking on any surface crust. If the bin has been out of condition, be sure it is well ventilated and enter slowly because of the danger from toxic gases, microbial spores and a reduced oxygen content. For this situation, be sure to follow the procedure suggested in Rule 1.

Rule 4: If you feel you must enter the bin alone and the bin has unloading equipment, you should lock out the control circuit, tell someone what you are doing and post a sign on the control switch informing other workers that you are in the bin. Otherwise, a fellow worker may start the unloading equipment with you inside. Likewise, check each bin before you begin to unload it to be sure that no one is in the bin. For bins that unload by gravity flow, lock out the control gate and follow the same general procedure as with bins that have unloading equipment.

Rule 5: Be careful in any rescue attempt to avoid being pulled into the flowing grain and becoming a second accident. Likewise, be especially cautious when attempting to rescue some. Never enter a bin of flowing grain for any reason. Always stop the flow of grain and "lock-out" the unloading system before entering. Take the proper precautions the first time. You may not have a second chance. In these circumstances it will probably be impossible for you to enter the bin and pull the individual to safety without your being overcome in the same way. To avoid placing yourself in this situation, it is imperative that the bin be well ventilated, that you enter cautiously and that you follow the instructions given in Rule 1.

Rule 6: Safety measures should include the installation of ladders and ropes on the inside of the bin. Note that you can possibly “walk down” a bin if you stay near the outside of the bin wall and keep moving although walking in the soft grain will be very difficult. However, the best preventive measure is to avoid being caught in a potentially dangerous situation by practicing the rules of safety when working with grain.

Please—Before It’s Too Late Discuss the safety hazards of flowing grain with your family, employees or fellow workers. It is the responsibility of each of us to keep informed of possible unsafe situations and take the necessary precautions to prevent their occurrence. The dangers associated with suffocation in flowing grain are no exception.

For more information about grain bin safety, contact the McLean County Cooperative Extension Service at (270)273-3690.  Educational programs of the Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability or national origin.

Fall Nitrogen Considerations for Wheat

Many producers have completed harvest and have finished up drilling wheat. Some producers may or may not have put down a source on nitrogen (N) prior to all of last week’s rainfall. However, for those that did not, don’t fret.  In most years there is adequate residual N following corn. However most areas in Kentucky in 2015 had pretty good corn yields and a considerable amount of rainfall earlier in the season. Good corn yields coupled with high rainfall probably means that there is very little residual N remaining in the soil profile, however don’t get too excited if you did not get any nitrogen down on your wheat.

Numerous studies at UK have not shown a consistent yield advantage to fall N applications for wheat. However, fall N does stimulate growth and establishment of the stand. Too much fall N could reduce yields by causing excessive growth and more winterkill.

What does this mean for fall wheat growth and what should be done? Some states (e.g. Maryland) will not allow an N application prior to March 1st unless a soil nitrate tests indicate very low levels of soil nitrate (less than 10 ppm) in the soil profile. The University of Kentucky does not make N recommendations based on soil nitrate for wheat, but typical baseline soil nitrate values are around 8-10 ppm nitrate collected to a depth of 12 inches.

According to UK Extension Soils Specialist Dr. Edwin Ritchey and Dr. Josh McGrath, if you are at or below this range, 30 lb N/A will probably not cause too much fall growth that would lead to management issues later in the season. The later wheat is planted, the more beneficial an N application will be to stimulate fall growth. Producers that decide to make a fall N application can easily achieve this if DAP (18-46-0) is being applied at or near wheat planting. A strict N source like urea or UAN can also be used with little potential for volatilization losses, but make sure to not exceed 40 lb N/A in the fall. For producers that are not applying DAP fertilizer in the fall, a good option is to wait to observe fall wheat growth and make N adjustments as needed. If yellowing or slower than normal growth is observed, then topdressing with 30 lb N/A is an option.

If you decide to not apply fall N, but are still curious as to whether it would have provided benefit, you can conduct your own research trial. Simply put three or more strips with 20 – 40 lbs N/A in random locations in your field this fall. Mark these “treated” locations with gps and/or flags. Follow the same spring N program for the entire field and then check your yield monitor data at harvest to see if there was a benefit.

For more information or help conducting you own on-farm research or for more information on fertility requirements for wheat production, contact the McLean County Cooperative Extension Office at (270)273-3690.  Educational programs of the Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability or national origin.